Using PHP and HTML Together: A Simple Explanation

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Okay, here’s a lengthy article (approximately 5000 words) detailing the use of PHP and HTML together:

Using PHP and HTML Together: A Simple Explanation

This article provides a comprehensive guide to understanding and using PHP and HTML together. We’ll start with the fundamental concepts and gradually move to more advanced techniques, providing practical examples along the way. The goal is to demystify the interaction between these two crucial web development technologies and empower you to build dynamic and interactive websites.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction: Understanding the Roles of HTML and PHP

    • 1.1 What is HTML?
    • 1.2 What is PHP?
    • 1.3 Client-Side vs. Server-Side
    • 1.4 Why Use PHP and HTML Together?
    • 1.5 The Basic Workflow

  2. Setting Up Your Development Environment

    • 2.1 Choosing a Text Editor or IDE
    • 2.2 Installing a Local Server Environment (XAMPP, MAMP, WAMP)
    • 2.3 Understanding Server Configuration (Apache, MySQL)
    • 2.4 Creating Your First PHP File

  3. Embedding PHP within HTML

    • 3.1 PHP Tags: <?php ?>, <?= ?>, Short Open Tags
    • 3.2 Basic PHP Syntax: Variables, Data Types, Operators
    • 3.3 Outputting Data to HTML: echo, print
    • 3.4 Comments in PHP and HTML

  4. Working with Variables and Data

    • 4.1 PHP Variable Scope (Local, Global, Static)
    • 4.2 Data Types: Strings, Integers, Floats, Booleans, Arrays, Objects, NULL
    • 4.3 Type Juggling and Type Casting
    • 4.4 Constants

  5. Control Structures: Making Decisions in PHP

    • 5.1 if, else if, else Statements
    • 5.2 switch Statements
    • 5.3 while Loops
    • 5.4 do...while Loops
    • 5.5 for Loops
    • 5.6 foreach Loops (for Arrays)
    • 5.7 break and continue

  6. Working with Forms: Getting User Input

    • 6.1 HTML Form Elements: <form>, <input>, <textarea>, <select>, <button>
    • 6.2 Form Attributes: action, method (GET vs. POST)
    • 6.3 Accessing Form Data in PHP: $_GET, $_POST, $_REQUEST
    • 6.4 Form Validation (Client-Side and Server-Side)
    • 6.5 Sanitizing User Input (Preventing XSS and SQL Injection)

  7. Working with Arrays

    • 7.1 Indexed Arrays
    • 7.2 Associative Arrays
    • 7.3 Multidimensional Arrays
    • 7.4 Array Functions: count(), array_push(), array_pop(), array_key_exists(), in_array(), etc.

  8. Working with Strings

    • 8.1 String Concatenation
    • 8.2 String Functions: strlen(), strpos(), str_replace(), substr(), strtolower(), strtoupper(), etc.

  9. Working with Files

    • 9.1 Opening and Closing Files: fopen(), fclose()
    • 9.2 Reading from Files: fread(), fgets(), file_get_contents()
    • 9.3 Writing to Files: fwrite(), file_put_contents()
    • 9.4 File Permissions

  10. Working with Dates and Times

    • 10.1 date() Function
    • 10.2 time() Function
    • 10.3 Formatting Dates and Times
    • 10.4 Working with Timestamps

  11. Including and Requiring Files

    • 11.1 include and include_once
    • 11.2 require and require_once
    • 11.3 File Paths (Relative vs. Absolute)

  12. Functions: Reusable Code Blocks

    • 12.1 Defining Functions
    • 12.2 Function Arguments (Parameters)
    • 12.3 Returning Values from Functions
    • 12.4 Variable Scope within Functions
    • 12.5 Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference

  13. Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in PHP

    • 13.1 Classes and Objects
    • 13.2 Properties and Methods
    • 13.3 Constructors and Destructors
    • 13.4 Inheritance
    • 13.5 Access Modifiers (public, private, protected)

  14. Working with Databases (MySQL)

    • 14.1 Connecting to a Database
    • 14.2 Executing SQL Queries (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
    • 14.3 Fetching Data from the Database
    • 14.4 Prepared Statements (Preventing SQL Injection)
    • 14.5 Using PDO (PHP Data Objects)

  15. Sessions and Cookies

    • 15.1 What are Sessions?
    • 15.2 Starting a Session: session_start()
    • 15.3 Storing and Retrieving Session Data: $_SESSION
    • 15.4 Destroying a Session: session_destroy()
    • 15.5 What are Cookies?
    • 15.6 Setting Cookies: setcookie()
    • 15.7 Retrieving Cookie Data: $_COOKIE
    • 15.8 Deleting Cookies

  16. Error Handling and Debugging

    • 16.1 Types of Errors (Syntax, Runtime, Logic)
    • 16.2 Error Reporting Levels
    • 16.3 try...catch Blocks
    • 16.4 Using a Debugger (Xdebug)
    • 16.5 Logging Errors

  17. Security Considerations

    • 17.1 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Prevention
    • 17.2 SQL Injection Prevention
    • 17.3 Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Prevention
    • 17.4 Input Validation and Sanitization
    • 17.5 Secure Password Storage (Hashing and Salting)

  18. Best Practices and Code Organization

    • 18.1 Using Comments Effectively
    • 18.2 Consistent Code Style
    • 18.3 Separation of Concerns (MVC Architecture)
    • 18.4 Using a Version Control System (Git)

  19. Example Project: A Simple Blog

    • 19.1 Database Design
    • 19.2 Creating the HTML Structure
    • 19.3 Adding PHP Logic for Displaying Posts
    • 19.4 Creating a Form for Adding New Posts
    • 19.5 Handling User Input and Database Interaction
    • 19.6 Basic Styling with CSS

  20. Conclusion and Further Learning

1. Introduction: Understanding the Roles of HTML and PHP

Before diving into the technical details, it’s crucial to understand the distinct roles of HTML and PHP in web development. Think of them as specialized tools working together to create a dynamic and interactive website.

1.1 What is HTML?

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the foundation of every webpage. It’s a markup language, not a programming language. This means it uses tags to define the structure and content of a webpage. These tags tell the browser how to display text, images, links, and other elements.

  • Structure: HTML provides the skeleton of a webpage. It defines headings, paragraphs, lists, tables, and other structural components.
  • Content: HTML contains the actual text, images, and other content that users see.
  • Static: HTML, on its own, creates static webpages. The content remains the same unless the HTML file itself is modified.

Example:

“`html




My First Webpage

Hello, World!

This is a paragraph of text.

An example image
Visit Example.com

“`

This simple HTML code defines a webpage with a title, a heading, a paragraph, an image, and a link.

1.2 What is PHP?

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side scripting language. This means that PHP code is executed on the web server, before the webpage is sent to the user’s browser. PHP is used to create dynamic content, meaning the content can change based on various factors, such as user input, database information, or the time of day.

  • Dynamic Content: PHP can generate HTML content on the fly. This allows for personalized content, interactive features, and database-driven websites.
  • Server-Side Processing: PHP code runs on the server, not in the user’s browser. This means the user never sees the PHP code itself, only the resulting HTML.
  • Database Interaction: PHP can connect to databases (like MySQL) to retrieve, store, and update data. This is essential for features like user accounts, blog posts, and e-commerce functionality.

1.3 Client-Side vs. Server-Side

This is a crucial distinction:

  • Client-Side: Refers to operations that happen in the user’s web browser (the “client”). HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are client-side technologies. The browser interprets and displays the code.
  • Server-Side: Refers to operations that happen on the web server. PHP, Python, Ruby, Java, and Node.js are examples of server-side languages. The server processes the code and sends the results (usually HTML) to the client.

1.4 Why Use PHP and HTML Together?

HTML provides the structure and static content, while PHP adds the dynamic functionality. They work in a symbiotic relationship:

  • Dynamic Content Generation: PHP can generate HTML code based on data or logic. For example, PHP can fetch the latest blog posts from a database and dynamically create the HTML to display them.
  • User Interaction: PHP can process user input from HTML forms. It can validate the data, store it in a database, or perform other actions based on the input.
  • Personalization: PHP can tailor the content to individual users based on their preferences, login status, or other factors.
  • Database-Driven Websites: PHP’s ability to interact with databases makes it possible to build complex web applications like e-commerce sites, social networks, and content management systems.

1.5 The Basic Workflow

Here’s a simplified overview of how PHP and HTML work together:

  1. User Request: A user types a URL into their browser and hits Enter. This sends a request to the web server.
  2. Server Processing: The web server (e.g., Apache) receives the request. If the requested file is a PHP file (e.g., index.php), the server recognizes this and passes the file to the PHP interpreter.
  3. PHP Execution: The PHP interpreter executes the PHP code within the file. This might involve:
    • Fetching data from a database.
    • Processing form data.
    • Performing calculations.
    • Generating HTML output.
  4. HTML Output: The PHP interpreter produces HTML code as its output. This output is combined with any static HTML already present in the file.
  5. Response to Client: The web server sends the resulting HTML (a combination of static HTML and dynamically generated HTML from PHP) back to the user’s browser.
  6. Browser Rendering: The user’s browser receives the HTML and renders it, displaying the webpage to the user.

2. Setting Up Your Development Environment

To start working with PHP and HTML, you need a proper development environment. This typically includes:

  • A text editor or IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
  • A local web server
  • A database server (if you’ll be working with databases)

2.1 Choosing a Text Editor or IDE

You can write PHP and HTML code in any plain text editor (like Notepad on Windows or TextEdit on macOS), but using a dedicated code editor or IDE provides significant advantages:

  • Syntax Highlighting: Colors different parts of your code (keywords, variables, strings, etc.) to make it easier to read and understand.
  • Code Completion: Suggests code snippets and function names as you type, saving you time and reducing errors.
  • Debugging Tools: Help you find and fix errors in your code.
  • Project Management: Organize your files and folders into projects.
  • Version Control Integration: Integrate with Git for version control.

Popular Choices:

  • Visual Studio Code (VS Code): A free, open-source, and highly extensible code editor from Microsoft. It’s extremely popular and has a vast library of extensions for PHP development.
  • Sublime Text: A lightweight and fast text editor with a clean interface and powerful features. It’s shareware (you can use it for free, but a license is required for continued use).
  • Atom: Another free, open-source, and highly customizable text editor from GitHub.
  • PHPStorm: A commercial (paid) IDE specifically designed for PHP development. It offers advanced features like refactoring, debugging, and database tools.
  • Notepad++: A free, open-source text editor for Windows with support for many programming languages, including PHP.

For beginners, VS Code is highly recommended due to its ease of use, extensive features, and large community support.

2.2 Installing a Local Server Environment (XAMPP, MAMP, WAMP)

To run PHP code, you need a web server. Since PHP is a server-side language, it can’t be executed directly by your browser like HTML. Instead of setting up a separate web server, database, and PHP installation, you can use a pre-packaged solution like XAMPP, MAMP, or WAMP:

  • XAMPP (Cross-Platform Apache MySQL PHP Perl): Works on Windows, macOS, and Linux. It’s a popular and easy-to-use package.
  • MAMP (Macintosh Apache MySQL PHP): Specifically designed for macOS.
  • WAMP (Windows Apache MySQL PHP): Specifically designed for Windows.

These packages typically include:

  • Apache: The web server software that handles requests and serves web pages.
  • MySQL: A popular relational database management system (RDBMS).
  • PHP: The PHP interpreter.
  • phpMyAdmin: A web-based tool for managing MySQL databases.

Installation Steps (XAMPP as an example):

  1. Download: Go to the Apache Friends website (https://www.apachefriends.org/) and download the XAMPP installer for your operating system.
  2. Run the Installer: Follow the on-screen instructions to install XAMPP. You can usually accept the default settings.
  3. Start the Services: After installation, open the XAMPP Control Panel. Start the Apache and MySQL services.
  4. Test the Installation: Open your web browser and go to http://localhost. You should see the XAMPP welcome page, indicating that the installation was successful.

2.3 Understanding Server Configuration (Apache, MySQL)

While you don’t need to be a server administrator to use PHP, understanding some basic concepts is helpful:

  • Apache: Apache is the software that listens for incoming requests from web browsers (like when you type a URL). It then finds the requested file (HTML, PHP, images, etc.) and sends it back to the browser.
  • Document Root: The document root is the directory on your server where your website files are stored. In XAMPP, this is typically the htdocs folder within the XAMPP installation directory (e.g., C:\xampp\htdocs on Windows). Any files you place in this directory will be accessible through your web browser using http://localhost.
  • Virtual Hosts: Virtual hosts allow you to run multiple websites on a single server, each with its own domain name (even on your local machine). This is useful for developing multiple projects simultaneously. Setting up virtual hosts involves editing Apache configuration files. However, for simple projects, you can usually just use the default document root.
  • MySQL: MySQL is a database server. It stores data in a structured way, allowing you to retrieve, update, and delete it using SQL (Structured Query Language).
  • phpMyAdmin: phpMyAdmin is a web-based interface for managing MySQL databases. You can use it to create databases, tables, users, and execute SQL queries. You can usually access phpMyAdmin by going to http://localhost/phpmyadmin in your browser.

2.4 Creating Your First PHP File

  1. Open your text editor or IDE.
  2. Create a new file.
  3. Save the file as index.php inside the htdocs folder of your XAMPP installation. (e.g., C:\xampp\htdocs\index.php on Windows). The .php extension tells the server that this file contains PHP code.
  4. Write the following code:

“`php




My First PHP Page



“`

  1. Open your web browser and go to http://localhost/index.php. You should see the “Hello, World!” message displayed in your browser.

Congratulations! You’ve just created and run your first PHP page. This simple example demonstrates the basic structure of a PHP file and how PHP code is embedded within HTML.

3. Embedding PHP within HTML

The key to using PHP and HTML together is understanding how to embed PHP code within your HTML documents. This allows you to dynamically generate parts of your webpage.

3.1 PHP Tags: <?php ?>, <?= ?>, Short Open Tags

PHP code is enclosed within special tags that tell the server where the PHP code begins and ends. There are several types of PHP tags:

  • Standard Tags (<?php ?>): This is the most common and recommended way to embed PHP code. It’s always available and works regardless of server configuration.

    php
    <?php
    // Your PHP code goes here
    echo "This is PHP code.";
    ?>

  • Short Open Tags (<? ?>): This is a shorter form of the standard tags. However, it’s not always enabled by default on all servers. To use short open tags, you need to enable the short_open_tag setting in your php.ini file (or ask your web hosting provider to enable it). It’s generally recommended to use the standard <?php ?> tags for better portability.

    php
    <?
    // Your PHP code goes here
    echo "This is PHP code with short tags.";
    ?>
    * Note: Short open tags can conflict with XML declarations (<?xml ... ?>).

  • Short Echo Tags (<?= ?>): This is a shorthand for <?php echo ... ?>. It’s used specifically for outputting a value directly into the HTML. It’s equivalent to writing <?php echo ...; ?>. This is generally available from PHP 5.4.0 onwards without needing short_open_tag enabled.

    php
    <?= "This will be printed directly to the HTML." ?>

    This is equivalent to:

    php
    <?php echo "This will be printed directly to the HTML."; ?>

Best Practice: Use the standard <?php ?> tags for most of your PHP code and <?= ?> for simple echo statements. Avoid using <? ?> unless you’re sure it’s enabled on your server and you understand the potential conflicts.

3.2 Basic PHP Syntax: Variables, Data Types, Operators

PHP, like any programming language, has its own syntax rules. Here are some fundamental concepts:

  • Variables: Variables are used to store data. In PHP, variables start with a dollar sign ($).

    php
    <?php
    $name = "John Doe";
    $age = 30;
    $is_active = true;
    ?>

  • Data Types: PHP supports various data types, including:

    • Strings: Text enclosed in single or double quotes (e.g., "Hello", 'World').
    • Integers: Whole numbers (e.g., 10, -5, 0).
    • Floats (Doubles): Numbers with decimal points (e.g., 3.14, -2.5).
    • Booleans: true or false.
    • Arrays: Ordered collections of data.
    • Objects: Instances of classes (used in object-oriented programming).
    • NULL: Represents a variable with no value.

  • Operators: Symbols that perform operations on values or variables.

    • Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, % (modulus).
    • Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=.
    • Comparison Operators: == (equal to), === (identical to), != (not equal to), !== (not identical to), >, <, >=, <=.
    • Logical Operators: && (and), || (or), ! (not).
    • String Concatenation Operator: . (dot).

3.3 Outputting Data to HTML: echo, print

The primary way to output data from PHP to HTML is using the echo or print statements.

  • echo: The most common way to output data. It can output multiple values separated by commas.

    php
    <?php
    $name = "Alice";
    $age = 25;
    echo "My name is ", $name, " and I am ", $age, " years old.";
    ?>

  • print: Similar to echo, but it can only output one value at a time and returns a value of 1. echo is generally preferred for its slightly better performance.

    php
    <?php
    $city = "New York";
    print "I live in " . $city;
    ?>

Example: Combining PHP and HTML

“`php




Dynamic Content

Welcome, !

Today is .


“`

In this example:

  • <?php echo "User"; ?> outputs the string “User” directly into the <h1> tag.
  • <?php echo date("l, F jS, Y"); ?> uses the date() function to get the current date and format it, then outputs the formatted date into the <p> tag.

3.4 Comments in PHP and HTML

Comments are used to explain your code and make it easier to understand. They are ignored by the PHP interpreter and the browser.

  • HTML Comments:

    html
    <!-- This is an HTML comment -->

  • PHP Comments:

    • Single-line comments:

      php
      <?php
      // This is a single-line comment
      # This is also a single-line comment (less common)
      ?>

    • Multi-line comments:

      php
      <?php
      /*
      * This is a multi-line comment.
      * It can span multiple lines.
      */
      ?>

4. Working with Variables and Data

Variables are essential for storing and manipulating data in your PHP scripts. Understanding variable scope and data types is crucial for writing effective code.

4.1 PHP Variable Scope (Local, Global, Static)

Variable scope refers to the region of your code where a variable is accessible. PHP has three main types of variable scope:

  • Local Scope: Variables declared inside a function are local to that function. They can only be accessed within that function.

    “`php
    <?php
    function myFunction() {
    $localVariable = “I’m local!”;
    echo $localVariable;
    }

    myFunction(); // Outputs “I’m local!”
    // echo $localVariable; // This would cause an error, as $localVariable is not defined outside the function.
    ?>
    “`

  • Global Scope: Variables declared outside of any function have global scope. They can be accessed from anywhere in your script, except within functions (unless you use the global keyword).

    “`php
    <?php
    $globalVariable = “I’m global!”;

    function myFunction() {
    global $globalVariable; // Access the global variable within the function
    echo $globalVariable;
    }

    myFunction(); // Outputs “I’m global!”
    echo $globalVariable; // Outputs “I’m global!”
    ?>
    “`

  • Static Scope: Static variables are declared inside functions using the static keyword. They retain their value between function calls. This means that the next time the function is called, the static variable will still hold the value it had from the previous call.

    “`php
    <?php
    function counter() {
    static $count = 0;
    $count++;
    echo $count . “
    “;
    }

    counter(); // Outputs 1
    counter(); // Outputs 2
    counter(); // Outputs 3
    ?>
    “`

4.2 Data Types: Strings, Integers, Floats, Booleans, Arrays, Objects, NULL

As mentioned earlier, PHP supports several data types:

  • Strings:

    “`php
    <?php
    $name = “John Doe”; // Double quotes
    $message = ‘Hello, $name!’; // Single quotes (variables are not interpolated)
    $message2 = “Hello, $name!”; // Double quotes (variables are interpolated)

    echo $message; // Outputs: Hello, $name!
    echo $message2; // Outputs: Hello, John Doe!
    ?>
    “`

    • Double Quotes: Allow variable interpolation (variables within the string are replaced with their values) and escape sequences (like \n for a newline).
    • Single Quotes: Treat the string literally. Variables are not interpolated, and most escape sequences are not interpreted.

  • Integers:

    php
    <?php
    $age = 30;
    $quantity = -5;
    ?>

  • Floats (Doubles):

    php
    <?php
    $price = 19.99;
    $pi = 3.14159;
    ?>

  • Booleans:

    php
    <?php
    $is_active = true;
    $is_logged_in = false;
    ?>

  • Arrays: Arrays are ordered collections of data. We’ll cover them in more detail in a later section.

    php
    <?php
    $colors = array("red", "green", "blue"); // Indexed array
    $person = array("name" => "Alice", "age" => 30); // Associative array
    ?>

  • Objects: Objects are instances of classes (used in object-oriented programming). We’ll cover them in a later section.

  • NULL:

    php
    <?php
    $myVariable = null; // $myVariable has no value assigned to it.
    ?>

4.3 Type Juggling and Type Casting

  • Type Juggling: PHP is a loosely typed language. This means that you don’t have to explicitly declare the data type of a variable. PHP will often automatically convert a variable from one type to another depending on the context. This is called type juggling.

    php
    <?php
    $number = "10"; // $number is a string
    $result = $number + 5; // PHP converts $number to an integer for the addition
    echo $result; // Outputs 15
    ?>

  • Type Casting: You can explicitly convert a variable from one type to another using type casting.

    “`php
    <?php
    $string = “123”;
    $integer = (int)$string; // Cast $string to an integer
    $float = (float)$string; // Cast $string to a float
    $boolean = (bool)$string; // Cast $string to a boolean (non-empty strings are considered true)

    echo gettype($integer); // Outputs “integer”
    ?>
    “`

    Common type casting operators:

    • (int) or (integer): Cast to integer.
    • (float), (double), or (real): Cast to float.
    • (string): Cast to string.
    • (bool) or (boolean): Cast to boolean.
    • (array): Cast to array.
    • (object): Cast to object.
    • (unset): Cast to NULL (rarely used).

4.4 Constants

Constants are similar to variables, but their values cannot be changed after they are defined. They are useful for defining values that should remain constant throughout your script.

  • Defining Constants: Use the define() function.

    “`php
    <?php
    define(“PI”, 3.14159);
    define(“SITE_NAME”, “My Website”);

    echo PI; // Outputs 3.14159
    echo SITE_NAME; // Outputs My Website

    // PI = 3.14; // This would cause an error, as you cannot change the value of a constant.
    ?>
    “`

  • const keyword (inside classes): You can also define constants within classes using the const keyword.

    “`php
    <?php
    class MyClass{
    const MY_CONSTANT = “A Constant Value”;
    }

    echo MyClass::MY_CONSTANT;
    ?>
    “`

  • Constant Naming Conventions: Constants are typically named in uppercase with underscores separating words (e.g., MAX_USERS, DATABASE_NAME). This helps to distinguish them from variables.

5. Control Structures: Making Decisions in PHP

Control structures allow you to control the flow of execution in your PHP scripts. They let you make decisions, repeat blocks of code, and handle different situations.

5.1 if, else if, else Statements

The if statement executes a block of code if a condition is true. else if provides additional conditions to check, and else executes a block of code if none of the previous conditions are true.

“`php

= 18) {
echo “You are an adult.”;
} else if ($age >= 13) {
echo “You are a teenager.”;
} else {
echo “You are a child.”;
}
?>

“`

5.2 switch Statements

The switch statement provides a more concise way to check a variable against multiple values.

“`php

“`

  • case: Each case label specifies a value to compare against the variable.
  • break: The break statement is essential within each case. It prevents the code from “falling through” to the next case. If you omit the break, the code will continue to execute the subsequent case blocks, even if their conditions are not met.
  • default: The default case is optional. It executes if none of the other case values match.

5.3 while Loops

The while loop executes a block of code as long as a condition is true.

“`php

“;
$i++;
}
?>

“`
* The condition is checked before each iteration.

5.4 do...while Loops

The do...while loop is similar to the while loop, but the condition is checked after each iteration. This guarantees that the code block will execute at least once.

“`php

“;
$i++;
} while ($i <= 5); ?>

“`

5.5 for Loops

The for loop is a more compact way to execute a block of code a specific number of times.

“`php

“;
}
?>

“`

  • Initialization: $i = 1 (executed once at the beginning).
  • Condition: $i <= 5 (checked before each iteration).
  • Increment/Decrement: $i++ (executed after each iteration).

5.6 foreach Loops (for Arrays)

The foreach loop is specifically designed for iterating over arrays.

“`php

“;
}

// Iterate over the keys and values
foreach ($colors as $key => $value) {
echo “Key: ” . $key . “, Value: ” . $value . “
“;
}
?>

“`

5.7 break and continue

  • break: Exits the current loop ( for, while, do...while, foreach, or switch ).

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